From owner-rockhounds-digest@drizzle.com Sun Feb 24 17:46:58 2002 Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 23:16:01 -0800 From: rockhounds-digest Reply-To: rockhounds@drizzle.com To: rockhounds-digest@drizzle.com Subject: rockhounds-digest V2 #1174 rockhounds-digest Friday, February 1 2002 Volume 02 : Number 1174 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 06:18:55 -0500 From: "Derek" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names No they have to grind it up first. - ----- Original Message ----- From: "Paul Hewitt" To: Sent: Thursday, January 31, 2002 8:06 PM Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? > > just asking *G* > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Margaret Malm" > To: > Sent: Thursday, January 31, 2002 7:24 PM > Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > > > > But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from people > > who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets > misspelled > > much more often that it is properly spelled! > > > > Margaret > > kadok@infowest.com, > > in Utah's colorful Dixie > > > > > Up here, near Franklin, New Jersey, we have the ever-popular calicite > and > > > williamite, plus garnick, handcockite (don't ask, but it's only one > letter > > > off), and lucas foshagomite (for leucophoenicite). Manganosite > sometimes > > > gets rendered as manganosanite, thereby confusing it with margarosanite, > > > quite a different animal. Most of these are innocent mistakes, but > some, > > > like lucas foshagomite, are just for fun (afficionados may recognize the > > > name "Foshag" as a prominent one in Franklin mineral lore). You'd be > > > surprised what turns up on mineral labels--and yes, I have even seen a > > > specimen of "williamite" on display at a (deservedly) respected museum. > > > > > > cheers- Earl Verbeek > > > > > > _________________________________________________________________ > > > Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at > > http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. > > > > > > ################################################################# > > > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > > > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > > > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > > > ################################################################# > > > > > > > ################################################################# > > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > > ################################################################# > > > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 08:09:26 EST From: ANNWB2@aol.com Subject: Re: RE: Funny mineral names A friend in Maine told me you could easily identify quartz (he said this OK), because of the "styrations" on the crystals. He also said he knew "Neal Yedlink". Another Mainiac said he had a letter, authenticating a specimen, written by Neal Yedlingham. This was a confusion of the two authors, Neil Wintringham and Neal Yedlin. Editors call these kinds of mistakes, "Howlers". Best Regards, Van ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 08:11:38 EST From: ANNWB2@aol.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Dick Hauck says he constantly hears comments that "you can tell franklinite because it fluoresces red and green". ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 08:18:12 EST From: ANNWB2@aol.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Just as an off the wall question. I had heard that the pyroxene at Goose Creek was re-identified as an augite and is no longer considered pigeonite. Can anyone shed any darkness on this subject? - to quote Mark Twain. BR, Van ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 08:25:03 EST From: ANNWB2@aol.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Unfortunately, they no longer find cummingtonite at Cummington, Massachusetts. The re-definitions in the amphibole group changed the name of the stuff from the type location. Paul Moore told me about regaling his friends with funny mineral names. Each name was followed by polite "guffaws". Wakabayashilite - hahaha. Then, bababodonite - "That's not funny. My mother was a Bababodon." Van ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 29 Jan 2002 15:39:38 +1100 From: "Les" Subject: email change againmine This is a multi-part message in MIME format. - ------=_NextPart_000_004F_01C1A8DB.29392680 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi again gang, looks like I'm dumping my adsl isp in the next day or so. = Please use my netlink email rather than the bigpond one. = mailto:lerock@netlink.com.au Cheers, Les. - ------=_NextPart_000_004F_01C1A8DB.29392680 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Hi again gang, looks like I'm dumping my adsl isp in the next day = or so.=20 Please use my netlink email rather than the bigpond one. mailto:lerock@netlink.com.auCheers,=20 Les.
- ------=_NextPart_000_004F_01C1A8DB.29392680-- ################################################################# # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # ################################################################# ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 07:47:12 -1000 From: Kitty & Bill Heacox Subject: Re: Funny mineral names On NPR yesterday someone said salt is the only rock we eat. Someone else replied that gypsum is in pasta and bread. Maybe along with the ground-up "flourite"? Kitty **************************** >No they have to grind it up first. >Derek > >*************************** >Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? >just asking *G* > >**************************************** >But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from >people who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets >misspelled much more often that it is properly spelled! >Margaret ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 13:00:58 -0800 From: "Paul Hewitt" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Limestone is found in toothpaste and medicines and a myriad other products that we consume. - ----- Original Message ----- From: "Kitty & Bill Heacox" To: Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 9:47 AM Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > On NPR yesterday someone said salt is the only rock we eat. Someone else > replied that gypsum is in pasta and bread. Maybe along with the ground-up > "flourite"? > Kitty > > **************************** > >No they have to grind it up first. > >Derek > > > >*************************** > >Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? > >just asking *G* > > > >**************************************** > >But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from > >people who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets > >misspelled much more often that it is properly spelled! > >Margaret > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 11:21:26 -0700 From: "Bob Loeffler" Subject: RE: Funny mineral names The alcoholic drink "Goldschlager" (spelling?) supposedly has real flakes of gold in it, but I don't know if this is true or not. Bob Loeffler President and webmaster North Jeffco Gem & Mineral Club (Arvada, CO USA) http://www.peaktopeak.com/minerals/njeffco/ and a member of the Rock & Mineral Society (RAMS) - -----Original Message----- From: owner-rockhounds@drizzle.com [mailto:owner-rockhounds@drizzle.com]On Behalf Of Paul Hewitt Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 2:01 PM To: rockhounds@drizzle.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Limestone is found in toothpaste and medicines and a myriad other products that we consume. - ----- Original Message ----- From: "Kitty & Bill Heacox" To: Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 9:47 AM Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > On NPR yesterday someone said salt is the only rock we eat. Someone else > replied that gypsum is in pasta and bread. Maybe along with the ground-up > "flourite"? > Kitty > > **************************** > >No they have to grind it up first. > >Derek > > > >*************************** > >Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? > >just asking *G* > > > >**************************************** > >But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from > >people who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets > >misspelled much more often that it is properly spelled! > >Margaret > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# ################################################################# # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # ################################################################# ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 02 13:39:52 -0500 From: Cathy Gaber Subject: RE: Funny mineral names >The alcoholic drink "Goldschlager" (spelling?) supposedly has real flakes of >gold in it, but I don't know if this is true or not. I think it is true. In Kyoto, we had ginger cookies with gold leaf. Gold is also used medicinally for relieving some kinds of pain. Cathy ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 11:47:47 -0700 From: Bob Gembolis Subject: Re: Funny Mineral Names Flourite is used to make the dumplings in stone soup. Kaolinite clay is used to control the texture in chocalate and stretch how many candies can be made from a gallon of chocalate. Not quite eating but it is also a key ingredient of Kaopectate and the base in many cosmetics. Bobg ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 14:00:25 -0500 From: Anita Westlake Subject: Re: Funny mineral names This is a multi-part message in MIME format. - --------------67ED2D348474B845726B9753 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Yes, it relives the pain of poverty! Anita Cathy Gaber wrote: > >The alcoholic drink "Goldschlager" (spelling?) supposedly has real flakes of > >gold in it, but I don't know if this is true or not. > > I think it is true. In Kyoto, we had ginger cookies with gold leaf. Gold > is also used medicinally for relieving some kinds of pain. > > Cathy > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# - --------------67ED2D348474B845726B9753 Content-Type: text/x-vcard; charset=us-ascii; name="libawc.vcf" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Description: Card for Anita Westlake Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="libawc.vcf" begin:vcard n:Westlake;Anita D. tel;fax:404-727-0054 tel;work:404-727-4066 x-mozilla-html:FALSE org:EMORY UNIVERSITY;Chemistry Library version:2.1 email;internet:libawc@emory.edu title:Library Spec Sr. User Services adr;quoted-printable:;;440 Atwood Hall=0D=0A1515 Pierce Drive;Atlanta;Georgia;30322-2870;USA fn:Anita D.Westlake end:vcard - --------------67ED2D348474B845726B9753-- ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 11:56:22 -0700 From: "Margaret Malm" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names . > Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? > > just asking *G* Well, that's surely what you would think!!;-} But they always seem to be talking about some sort of a purple or green rock! Margaret > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Margaret Malm" > To: > Sent: Thursday, January 31, 2002 7:24 PM > Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > > > > But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from people > > who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets > misspelled > > much more often that it is properly spelled! > > > > Margaret > > kadok@infowest.com, > > in Utah's colorful Dixie > > .> > > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 20:00:48 +0200 From: "horstwindisch" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names I know Sid Pieters personally; for many years he was Windhoek's top mineral dealer, called "House of Gems" in Stuebelstrasse. Windhoek is the capital of Namibia (previously known as "South West Africa" , which up to 1916 was a German colony "Deutsch-Sued-West-Afrika". I was also born in the then South West Africa, in the Catholic Hospital in Gibeon and spent the first year of my life on the farm where the present Hardap Dam is. The name "Pietersite" to my knowledge comes from the word "Pieters" and "ite" added as many mineral names end either in "ite" or "ine". Sid Pieters was the first person to market this polishing material (also known as "volcanic tiger's eye" among the rockhounding fraternity in South Africa). I got interested in the hobby in 1964 and the first piece I bought was from a dealer in Fish Hoek (on the Cape Peninsula, about 30 km south of the centre of Cape Town). Then the material was off the market for many years and has recently been coming on the market again. It was found on a farm in the Outjo area (some 320 km north of Windhoek) on a farm owned by Mr. Hans Langner (who eventually retired to Walvis Bay). The gem and mineral shop which Hans Langner owned, is now run by his son, Dieter Langner, in the main street in Outjo. I don't know who is presently mining this deposit. Horst--- Original Message ----- From: To: Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 5:07 AM Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > I love all the great examples of funny mineral names. I'm always amused by > some of the explanations of how a mineral got its name. > > I know a Pietersite dealer who insists it is pronounced "pieter- site". He > explains that the rock was found on Sid Pieters' farm in Africa (true), and > that since farms there are called "sites", the second half of the name refers > to Mr Pieters' farm/site. Hence, Pieters' site becomes the name Pietersite. > > My own personal annoyance is the pronunciation of Uvarovite as "u-VAR-o-vite". > > Karen > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 20:17:57 +0200 From: "horstwindisch" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names Another mineral name similar to "leaverite" is "junkite" Horst----- Original Message ----- From: "Paul Hewitt" To: Sent: Thursday, January 31, 2002 5:27 PM Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > That is funny Bill!! > > I was on a quarry trip last year and I picked up a rock and asked the guide > what it was. He said it was a "leaverite". Now I am nothing but a mere > amateur rock hound and I had never heard of that so I asked him to tell me > more about it. > > He said "We call it leaverite because its worthless. You just leave 'er > right where you found her". > > Paul > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "William S. Cordua" > To: > Sent: Thursday, January 31, 2002 10:05 AM > Subject: Funny mineral names > > > > Hi. > > Here's something that's either funny or sad depending on your frame > > of mind. I was at a rock club meeting when someone came up with a specimen > > to show me. I asked what it was, and they said it was "beckyite". Well, it > > looked like some form of agate to me, so I hemmed and hawed a bit while I > > exained it and finally, feeling stupid, asked him what beckyite was. The > > person said he didn't rightly know, but they all called it that because > > there was a lot of it behind Becky's house. > > Help save us poor drudges of geologists who have enough trouble > > keeping up with the terminology in the technical literature! > > > > Best wishes - Bill Cordua > > > > Dr. William S. Cordua > > Professor of Geology/Mineralogy > > University of Wisconsin - River Falls > > 410 South Third Street > > River Falls, WI 54022 > > 715-425-3139 > > william.s.cordua@uwrf.edu > > "Speak to the Earth and it shall teach thee" - Job 12:8 > > > > > > ################################################################# > > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > > ################################################################# > > > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 11:46:20 -0800 From: Teresa A Masters Subject: Re: Funny mineral names a form of gold, I think it was gold salts has been injected into sites disabled by arthritis. On the other side of the coin of arthritis is to stop cooking in aluminum. Worked perfectly for my mother who had developed ulcers from motrin for arthritis. After tossing all aluminum including her coffee pot, her inflammations stopped and her hands and fingers straightened out. Teresa ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 14:15:16 -0800 From: Chengi Jimmy Kuo Subject: Re: Funny mineral names I've eaten way too much sugar (rock candy). Maybe that's just my own problem. :-) Paul Hewitt wrote: > Limestone is found in toothpaste and medicines and a myriad other products > that we consume. > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Kitty & Bill Heacox" > To: > Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 9:47 AM > Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > > > >>On NPR yesterday someone said salt is the only rock we eat. Someone else >>replied that gypsum is in pasta and bread. Maybe along with the ground-up >>"flourite"? >>Kitty >> >>**************************** >> >>>No they have to grind it up first. >>>Derek >>> >>>*************************** >>>Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? >>>just asking *G* >>> >>>**************************************** >>>But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from >>>people who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets >>>misspelled much more often that it is properly spelled! >>>Margaret >>> >>################################################################# >># Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # >># Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # >># Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # >>################################################################# >> > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2002 17:22:53 -0500 From: "Dan Z" Subject: Re: Funny mineral names This is why I avoid Maalox (MAgnesium ALuminum OXide). - -dan- __ The Second Amendment is homeland security. http://www.ManyFacets.com/ (rockshop) http://www.ManyFacets.com/dan/ (personal) - ----- Original Message ----- From: "Teresa A Masters" To: Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 14:46 Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > a form of gold, I think it was gold salts has been injected into sites > disabled by arthritis. > On the other side of the coin of arthritis is to stop cooking in > aluminum. Worked perfectly for my mother who had developed ulcers from > motrin for arthritis. After tossing all aluminum including her coffee > pot, her inflammations stopped and her hands and fingers straightened out. > Teresa > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 17:28:29 EST From: FOSSILNUT@aol.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names TiO2 (pruified rutile)is in toothpaste, cake icing and Oreo cookies. Limestone is in Rolaids and Mylanta. And water ice is in snow-cones. Gene Hartstein In a message dated Fri, 1 Feb 2002 1:02:30 PM Eastern Standard Time, "Paul Hewitt" writes: > Limestone is found in toothpaste and medicines and a myriad other products > that we consume. > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Kitty & Bill Heacox" > To: > Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 9:47 AM > Subject: Re: Funny mineral names > > > > On NPR yesterday someone said salt is the only rock we eat. Someone else > > replied that gypsum is in pasta and bread. Maybe along with the ground-up > > "flourite"? > > Kitty > > > > **************************** > > >No they have to grind it up first. > > >Derek > > > > > >*************************** > > >Isn't "flourite" the stuff they make bread out of? > > >just asking *G* > > > > > >**************************************** > > >But the one that always gags me is the very common "flourite", from > > >people who don't know the proper spelling for fluorite. I think it gets > > >misspelled much more often that it is properly spelled! > > >Margaret > > > > ################################################################# > > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > > ################################################################# > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 17:33:03 EST From: FOSSILNUT@aol.com Subject: Re: Funny mineral names & Fossils a number of years ago the Calvert Fossil Club had a running thing in their newsletter about amusing fossil names both real and fake. My favorite real one is Fubarichthys. Ichthys for fish and FUBAR for ... well you can guess. My favorite phony one was probably Yechinoid... an echinoid that stayed out in the field a little too long. Great fun Gene Hartstein ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 28 Jan 2002 22:48:45 -0800 From: "Sherry Pauley" Subject: Wood Identification Seminar by Walt Wright Buena Vista Museum of Natural History Wood Identification Seminar. New material by Walt Wright. For more information please visit: http://www.sharktoothhill.com/wood.html Sherry Pauley webmaster@sharktoothhill.com Phone: 661-324-6350 Fax: 661-324-7522 ################################################################# # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # ################################################################# ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 01 Feb 2002 13:50:50 -1000 From: Kitty & Bill Heacox Subject: Re: Funny mineral names How DO you pronounce uvarovite, if not "u-VAR-o-vite"? That's the only way I've ever heard it, but with the first syllable as "yoo," not "oo". In fact, The Photo-Altas of Minerals has a sound card and pronounces it "you-VAR-o-vite." Kitty >My own personal annoyance is the pronunciation of Uvarovite as "u-VAR-o-vite". > >Karen > ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 31 Jan 2002 07:56:58 -0500 From: "Paul Hewitt" Subject: Re: Agatized Black Coral That is a great offer Sherry. Maybe I should take it on myself to start collecting, cutting, photographing and naming these materials myself. If there are no "official" names for east coast material as yet what is to stop us from doing it? The Delaware Valley Earth Science Society meets about 6 miles from here so I am going to do my best to attend their next meeting and make some local contacts. I guess a trip to the local library wouldnt hurt either. : ) Paul - ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sherry Pauley" To: Sent: Tuesday, January 29, 2002 12:56 AM Subject: Re: Agatized Black Coral > I'll make the web site (free) if someone wants to do the research and send > the pictures. > Sherry > > The problem that I have had in identifying materials is that the > pictures I > > find on the internet are the common varieties found out west and in south > >america and india. I would love to see a site dedicated to this area. > > > ################################################################# > # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # > # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # > # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # > ################################################################# > ################################################################# # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # ################################################################# ------------------------------ End of rockhounds-digest V2 #1174 ********************************* ################################################################# # Rockhounds@drizzle Mailing Alias: rockhounds@drizzle.com # # Web: http://www.drizzle.com/~afox/rockhounds/ # # Subscription Services: majordomo@drizzle.com # #################################################################